Random-ise: the books of George Borrow, -ize and -ise verbs

This is part of an investigation I've been doing into the use and spelling of -ize suffix verbs and their spelling (-ize or -ise) in British English. For more details, related posts and the methods I've used, see the -ize / -ise page.

George Borrow 1803 - 1881

George Henry Borrow (5 July 1803 – 26 July 1881) was an English author who wrote novels and travelogues based on his own experiences traveling around Europe. Over the course of his wanderings, he developed a close affinity with the Romani people of Europe, who figure prominently in his work. His best known books are The Bible in Spain, the autobiographical Lavengro, and The Romany Rye, about his time with the English Romanichal (gypsies).

Wikipedia

Principal works

• The Zincali (1841)


• The Bible in Spain (1843)


• Lavengro (1851)


• The Romany Rye (1857)


• Wild Wales (1862)

Borrow and his publisher.

As far as I can see, all five of Borrow's major works were first published by John Murray of Albemarle Street, one of the principal London publishers of his day, and the publisher of the influential The Quarterly Review.

This 'advertisement' appears at the beginning of the 1900 edition of The Romany Rye, and the date in brackets would suggest that it had originally appeared in the First Edition of 1857.

Advertisement

(1857)

It having been stated in print that the book called Lavengro was got up expressly against the popish agitation in the years 1850-51, the author takes this opportunity of saying that the principal part of that book was written in the year '43, that the whole of it was completed before the termination of the year '46, and that it was in the hands of the publisher in thebyear '48. And here he cannot forbear observing, that it was the duty of that publisher to have rebutted a statement which he knew to be a calumny; and also to have set the public right on another point dealt with in the Appendix to the present work, more especially as he was the proprietor of a Review, enjoying, however undeservedly, a certain sale and reputation.

From the edition published by Murray in 1900

The strange thing is that, as far as I can see, the publisher of Lavengro and that of The Romany Rye, who included this critical passage regarding the former, were in fact one and the same man: John Murray, also publisher of The Quarterly Review.

In a comment on my post concerning -ize suffix verbs in The Quarterly Review, Peter Harvey, of the Lavengro blog, pointed out that in the Introduction in his edition of The Romany Rye, Borrow says that Murray 'at last consented to publish the Romany Rye after a series of peremptory notes from the author "to oblige Mr Borrow".' And in the book itself, he refers to Murray as Glorious John, saying of another writer's book - 'Such a book would be sure to take; even glorious John himself would not disdain to publish it.' Thanks to Peter, by the way, for putting me onto these books.

So was there perhaps a bit of a tiff between them, I wonder, between the publishing of Lavengro and that of The Romany Rye?

General conclusions concerning the spelling of -ize verbs

• The earlier editions of these five books, published by John Murray, mostly had z endings, but certain verbs, most noticeably civilise and recognise, were more likely to have s endings.



• By the turn of the century, those books published by Murray had mainly (but not totally or consistently) changed to s spellings, although certain word families, such as baptise, were likely to keep their z ending.



• By this time some, but not all, other publishers had also moved to s. My feeling is that those who hadn't simply took their versions from earlier editions, rather than making a policy of it (they often kept the same inconsistencies, for example).



• Two things are evident, the earlier editions mostly use z endings, but not exclusively (23 to 16 in the case of The Zincali), and later editions mostly use s endings, but also not exclusively (35 to 12 for Wild Wales).



• As mentioned above, certain verbs, especially civilise and recognise, were more likely to appear with s endings, even early on, and baptise was more likely to keep its z ending, something that's possibly still true today.

The Zincali 1841

The Project Gutenberg version (providence unknown) use mainly s endings except for the baptize family. Murray's earlier 1846 edition is rather mixed: 23 z to 16, something that seems fairly typical for the period. Certain (more common?) verbs seem to be more likely to have an s-ending - apologise, authorise, civilise, criticise, recognise.

Suffix -ize verbs - 43 instances of 20 verbs

Project Gutenberg (edition unknown)	PG	1846 Murray
		-ize	-ise
apologising	(1)		1
authorised	(1)		1
baptize	(1)	1
baptized	(6)	5
baptizing	(1)	1
brutalising	(2)	2
civilisation	(1)	3
civilised	(8)	6	1
criticise	(1)		1
criticised	(1)		1
half-civilised	(1)		1
particularised	(1)	1
particularising	(1)	1
pulverised	(1)	1
recognise	(2)		2
recognised	(10)		8
scandalised	(1)	1
stigmatising	(1)	1
tantalising	(1)
victimising	(1)

French -ise verbs - 42 instances of 25 verbs

advised	(1)
advising	(1)
chastised	(1)
chastising	(1)
civilisation	(1)
comprise	(1)
comprises	(1)
despise	(1)
despised	(4)
despises	(1)
devise	(1)
devised	(2)
devising	(1)
disguise	(1)
disguised	(1)
disguising	(1)
enterprising	(4)
exercise	(4)
exercised	(2)
exercising	(4)
revised	(1)
surprise	(1)
surprised	(3)
surprising	(2)
uncompromising	(1)

Showing all instances of -ize and -ise as shown in Project Gutenberg

ears a voice which I recognised as that of the Maecenas

least 1700 years; yet he recognised the Jew of Fez for

THIS edition has been carefully revised by the author, and some

of the first countries in civilised Europe where they made their

whom they are hated and despised. It will perhaps not be

blessings of a settled and civilised life, or - if abandoning

a low trafficker, will be surprised to learn, that amongst the

especially philology, it is only surprising that such a collection still

art. It is therefore not surprising that in the fifteenth and

considerable advantage. Poisoning cattle is exercised by them in two ways:

principals, in those disgraceful and brutalising exhibitions called pugilistic combats. I

have kept a race so enterprising any considerable length of time,

some of which do not comprise more than a dozen individuals,

principle of honour is still recognised amongst them, and base indeed

anxious to have their children baptized, and to obtain a copy

that they have there been exercising the arts of the tinker

that after their arrival in civilised Europe they would have retained

the Count be unable to devise a method to save their

authority which he had formerly exercised in the tribe. We had

ruined walls; I listened, and recognised the language of the abhorred

words spoken, I thought I recognised the peculiar jargon of my

had related, took his leave, advising him to compose his spirits,

my own house, I instantly recognised the effects of the poison

and suspecting their intentions, I disguised myself as a Gitano, and

in countenance, being hated and despised by the Spaniards, and persecuted

or prepared for sale, by disguising them, animals stolen by themselves

land of mystery to the civilised portion of the world; the

portion of the world; the enterprising children of Loyola having wandered

from Paris, the capital of civilisation: in a word, we scarcely

have been, are gentle and civilised.

means of sorcery, and so disguise him as to sell him

without fear of his being recognised. This latter trait is quite

are of Gypsy race. More enterprising individuals than myself may, perhaps,

these Gitanas, any one may recognise all the signs of a

celebrated for the arts of civilisation, imposed upon by the same

eye, which need not be particularised, as they consist of any

whom they are hated and despised, and whom they hate and

and whom they hate and despise, under the names of Busnees

one knows whether they are baptized. One of the five whom

a few days ago was baptized in the prison, being at

village of Torre Perojil, were baptized at the foot of the

appears to have been most scandalised at the want of religion

it exhibits some learning, and comprises many curious details respecting the

these Gitanas any one may recognise all the signs of a

heretics, and, amongst the Christians, baptizing now and then a child

very few are known to baptize their children; they are not

than expelling them. But experience, recognised by grave and respectable men,

others might not have been devised, better calculated to produce the

go out, in order to exercise the pursuit of husbandry. In

may be well excused from particularising. In 1783, a law was

by the multitude, and severely criticised by the discerning few who

entitled, 'Rules for repressing and chastising the vagrant mode of life,

them within the pale of civilised society by pursuing the course

they shall be prohibited from exercising the same trade, for a

office, shall be prosecuted and chastised like others guilty of the

over the face of the civilised globe, and which, in all

Spanish 'esquilar'; and even whilst exercising this art, they not unfrequently

customs, and so hardened by brutalising laws. Should so many beings,

them by the various measures devised, all of which were distinguished

any want of opportunity of exercising it, but to some other

when they are bent on victimising. 'A more ugly Busno it

looked at him, and scarcely recognised his face. It was no

an engagement, I arose, and apologising, told him I must leave

by which he may be recognised at some distance, even from

with which she provokes and despises danger, indicate manners half barbarous,

fortune, or some other cause, exercise, in appearance, a kind of

have a fine opportunity to exercise her powers, and whilst taking

according to Martin Del Rio, advised to sell nothing out of

small portion of the stone pulverised, at the time of going

the old woman - the tantalising knock at the door -

(59) because they are not baptized.'

an Englishman, and is not baptized; what cares he for souls?

characteristic is religious veneration, and uncompromising zeal for the glory of

to find fault with or criticise these songs, we have to

for themselves. They are a half-civilised, unlettered people, proverbial for a

we shall find little to surprise us in this predilection for

highest price which he was authorised to give for the animal

with none. Can we be surprised, therefore, that, mistaken in policy,

been permitted by Providence to exercise, without control or reproof, the

nor exert them but in devising low and vulgar schemes of

perhaps, ought not to be surprised that in the scanty phraseology

to the philologist, who, whilst stigmatising them as words of mere

his lettered attention - the despised denizens of the tents of

indebted to the well-known and enterprising traveller, Mr. Vigne, whose highly

times compelled people far more civilised than wandering Gypsies.

The Bible in Spain 1843

Both Murrays's 1843 edition and the Project Gutenberg version, based on the Cassel edition of 1908, mainly use z-endings, but notice the use of s for apologise, civilise and recognise. This is similar to The Zincali.

Suffix -ize verbs - 53 instances of 32 verbs

Project Gutenberg		1843 First Edition
(Cassel 1908)		Vol 1		Vol 2		Vol 3
		-ize	-ise	-ize	-ise	-ize	-ise
anathematized	(1)					1
apologised	(2)	1	1
apologize	(1)					1
apologizing	(1)
authorize	(1)					1
baptized	(1)	1
brutalize	(1)			1
civilisation	(1)
civilised	(2)
civilization	(4)	2
civilized	(3)	1		1		2
criticising	(1)				1
criticized	(1)	1
familiarized	(1)					1
harmonize	(1)					1
idolized	(1)			1
immortalized	(1)					1
lutheranized	(1)					1
organize	(1)
realize	(1)			3
realized	(1)
recognise	(1)				1
recognised	(7)		5		2		4
recognising	(1)		1				1
recognize	(1)
recognized	(8)					1
recognizing	(1)
revolutionize	(1)					1
scandalized	(1)			1
scrutinizing	(2)	2
unauthorized	(1)
unbaptized	(1)	1

French -ise verbs - 69 instances of 23 verbs

advertised	(2)
advise	(8)
advised	(12)
adviser	(1)
advisers	(1)
advising	(1)
comprised	(1)
compromising	(1)
despise	(1)
despised	(4)
devise	(1)
devised	(1)
disguise	(1)
disguised	(2)
disguises	(1)
exercised	(1)
exercises	(1)
realize	(1)
surprise	(1)
surprised	(16)
surprises	(2)
surprising	(8)
undisguised	(1)

Showing all instances of -ize and -ise as shown in Project Gutenberg

It is truly surprising what little interest the great

to the peace, happiness, and civilisation of his native land.

of a billow, and instantly recognised in the unfortunate man the

mouths wide. Is it surprising that the English are, in

of the city are those comprised within the valley to the

he said that nothing more surprised him than to see Englishmen,

was my pleasure. I apologised for intruding upon him, and

were sensible enough; indeed, nothing surprised me more than the free

night. The fellow on recognising him took him aside, and,

English, for they are not baptized, and have not the law,”

England, no one who was unbaptized could be buried in consecrated

occurred, I have been frequently surprised that I experienced no insult

I would strongly advise any of my countrymen who

hour of refection. I apologised, and was preparing to retire,

visibly increased, though, perhaps, a scrutinizing observer might have detected a

longer be tolerated in any civilized, or at least Christian, country!

looked with wonder at this surprising female, and could scarcely believe

relate to yourself, therefore I advise you not to inquire about

I confess that I am surprised to see a gentleman of

upon me, and I instantly recognized the sharp clever features of

at her heels is truly surprising: where she turns, they turn,

an Englishman?” demanded I, much surprised.

else you could not have recognized me by the tone of

you have seen how I recognized you even in the dark

Myself.—What you say surprises me. Have you reason

depart. My companion, however, advised me to remain where I

upon me with a peculiarly scrutinizing glance.

riding of an English jockey criticized, but it was by the

He hated Mendizabal with undisguised rancour, and never spoke of

to the duke, which he advised me to present when I

from them, just as if civilization could exist where the light

for its high state of civilization, and the unmatched prosperity which

“Have you, then, realized a large capital in Spain?”

to distribute it. I strongly advise you to see Isturitz himself

colleagues even infected Quesada, who, disguised as a civilian, took to

as the rest, but was recognised at a village about three

however, I felt very much surprised; for having passed it twice

“You recognized me at once for an

talk politics, which the more surprised me, knowing, as I did,

not. I would not advise you to trust them.”

on which the holy office exercises its functions. I need

worship’s approbation, as it is devised solely for your benefit, and

and occasionally a most discreet adviser: she entered into all my

sixteen, was bidding fair to realize the warmest hopes of his

disaster, and I was only surprised that the enemy did not

Mind—The Whisper—Salamanca—Irish Hospitality—Spanish Soldiers—The Scriptures advertised.

the wealthy are not blindly idolized. In Spain the very

has tended to debase and brutalize the human mind.

if they courted danger, and despised it. In every respect

countenance which I at once recognized: “Benedict Mol,” said I, “is

whom I told my business, advised me to send for a

Benedict.—He advised me to go to the

the comforts of life and civilized habits, are confessedly far behind

comments that every person was scandalized; they cared nothing about the

I would not, however, advise you to give that pony

well does it seem to realize all his visions of this

his musket, to drive back unauthorized intruders. I now looked

by means of which you disguise yourself, and appear tall or

Alcalde.—How surprising! I see, indeed, that

heard that the English highly prize this eccentric book. How

so patiently. But what surprised me most was, that after

were of the Carlist persuasion, advised him to betake himself to

and all its circumstances, freely criticising the conduct of the generals,

was despatched to Estremadura, to organize the militias. The bands

a plan to escape together; disguises were provided, and we made

desert me. I was disguised as a carman, as a

party of Carlists had just surprised that place, and were searching

it might be induced to recognize the young queen, not as

however modified, may still be recognized as Sanskrit. But what

I have spoken of the surprising number of Sanskrit words contained

I was advised to erase from the shop

said he would endeavour to devise some plan to satisfy me.

time also printed, was likewise advertised. For this last work

Gypsy books, which were to revolutionize the country, and annihilate the

habits of wandering having long familiarized me to situations of every

may go. I therefore advise you, if you are under

have had no difficulty in recognizing them. They glanced at

of the tarde, I therefore advise you to lose no time

That, however, which most surprises me with respect to you

of the embassy, however, had advised me how to act in

anything else. Now be advised, forget what has happened; you

forgive; so, Don Jorge, I advise you to leave this place

in company of their ghostly advisers.

frivolous, how vanity and crime harmonize. The Spanish robbers are

What most surprised me with respect to the

any particular care which was exercised over them; for perhaps in

countries, and more particularly in civilized France; nor are his eyes

Spanish, and to my great surprise excellent Basque, in which he

of the dungeon. He recognized me, and reminded me of

I know not; he was recognized, however, at a village in

us; we shall all be Lutheranized. What infamy, what rascality!

became full of new and surprising strength, and I strode forward,

and taciturn, which the more surprised me, as, up to the

whom I confess I heartily despised, and I was unwilling to

I; “return to the Duke, apologize for your behaviour, request your

It is not, therefore, surprising that men thus circumstanced should

as to myself, he was surprised that, being once lodged in

was of course very much surprised, but summoning all my Latinity,

business of his own and recognised the box, which he instantly

The reader will be surprised when I state that in

with people. I was recognised in a moment, and twenty

understand her, and waxing angry, anathematized her for a witch, and

pleasure, though I was much surprised to remark, that when the

adopted this most unprofitable and despised one. Oft have I

so many years in a civilised country like this of Spain,

the church; now pray be advised, and you shall be none

years since in Seville, a despised vagabond. He left behind

Tormes. Cervantes himself has immortalized this strand in the most

latter place, where he likewise advised me to sleep, in order

of steam in spreading abroad civilization, and I think justly.

is the dawn of their civilization.

where the people were most civilised, without experiencing some insult, so

that is Solomons, when I despise them. I do not

genuine English soldier. I prize the sturdy Scot, I love

start until the following morning, advising me at the same time

Lib. Thou didst not recognise me, but I knew thee

within the cave which would authorize the adoption of such an

but the old Genoese mate advised me to stay, assuring me

Starting up, however, I recognised the singular-looking Jew whom I

of Judah Lib. He recognised me also, and nodding, bent

Genoese brought me a portion, apologizing at the same time, for

place. He smiled, and advised me to proceed with considerable

to the Neapolitan consul, who prizes himself upon possessing the best

They are afraid of compromising his dignity by supposing that

man, whom I at once recognised as one of the Algerines,

Lavengro 1851

There are two versions of the original 1851 edition at Google Books, but unfortunately the only complete one is American-published and so not suitable for this research. The other was published by John Murray in London, but consists only of Volume 1 of 3. From the results of these though, it is fairly clear that z spellings were used for -ize verbs, with the exception of recognise.

Project Gutenberg has several editions. I've used a transcription from the 1914 edition from T.N.Foulis, published in Edinburgh. There's also one from an edition published by Macmillan in 1900. As far as I can see they are identical, and both use s spellings for -ize verbs throughout.

Suffix -ize verbs - 38 instances of 20 verbs

Project Gutenberg (PG Foulis 1914)	PG	1851 Murray
		-ize	-ise
apologise	(1)
baptized	(2)	2
bowdlerised	(1)
civilisation	(2)
civilised	(1)	1
eulogise	(1)
moraliser	(1)	1
patronise	(2)
patronising	(1)
plariarise	(1)
proselytise	(1)
realising	(2)
recognise	(1)		1
recognised	(9)		2
recognising	(2)		2
scandalised	(2)
sympathise	(2)
sympathised	(3)	1
temporising	(1)
tranquillised	(1)

French -ise verbs - 48 instances of 17 verbs

advertise	(2)
advise	(7)
advised	(7)
advising	(1)
comprise	(1)
despise	(1)
despised	(4)
despiser	(1)
devise	(1)
disguise	(1)
disguised	(1)
exercise	(4)
exercised	(3)
exercising	(1)
surprised	(10)
surprises	(1)
surprising	(2)

Showing all instances of -ize and -ise as shown in Project Gutenberg

into whose communion I was baptized, and to which my forefathers

religion in which I was baptized, and of my forefathers, would

Yes, mother, thou didst recognise in the distant street the

disposed, under similar circumstances, to exercise the same species of charity

myself. I am no moraliser; but the gay and rapid

pervade my whole arm, which surprised me the more, as the

relating it, as it subsequently exercised considerable influence over my pursuits.

thee, thou fine old chap, despiser of dissenters, and hater of

with this journey which highly surprised me, and which brought to

a notorious malefactor. I recognised him at once; the horseman

of the figure, and had recognised it: it was the wild

Ireland in the cause of civilisation and religious truth; they were

the most trivial and unimportant, exercise a mighty and permanent influence

lay in their way with surprising agility; the animal was, however,

eyes like plums, and on recognising any one would exalt a

uncouth fowling-piece, I am less surprised at the number of birds

used, I should never have recognised you.’

language was doubtless that which exercised the greatest influence over my

however thou mayest seek to disguise the truth. Yes, yes,

back as I could remember exercised the strongest influence over my

I understood—English words, though strangely disguised; and I said to myself,

always been in use amongst civilised people—the worship of spirits is

a much higher state of civilisation than the Celts ever did,

cloud. ‘I love to exercise hospitality to wandering strangers, especially

magistrate, and, of course, cannot patronise the thing very openly, yet

is becoming bitter, and to prize the blessings around us; for

smile of triumph, as, probably recognising me in the crowd, he

accompanied by his dog, who sympathised entirely with him, pining as

word.’ Is it not surprising that the language of Mr.

how must I have been surprised, who was reading a newspaper

‘Then, sir, I would advise you to lose no time

a certain degree, his sentiments, temporising with the old gentlemen, with

nodded to me with a patronising air. ‘Glad to see

of course I was much surprised, and for a minute or

were somewhat short. He recognised my brother, and appeared glad

they had lived neglected and despised, and, when they p. 265died,

‘connected with this matter which surprises me—your own lukewarmness. Yes,

appeared to me that I recognised both individuals—the man whose pocket

servants to servants; persecuted and despised by all.’

with the comfortable hope of realising, in a short time, a

novel, otherwise he would not advertise for one. Suppose I

abundant—hungry talent too—a bookseller can advertise for a tale or a

but stores of information which surprised me. So pleased did

as secure, I should have prized it so much, that I

very kind to me; he advised me to travel, he offered

how I came originally to devise them, and by dint of

all, it is better to plariarise from the features of my

discountenance everything low and mean; advised him to eschew trade, and

who has come over to proselytise and plunder. This being

I don’t know how to advise you. As for selling

Slingsby had spoken in particular, advising me to mend them as

countenance. I had, however, recognised her voice; it was that

However, I should not be surprised if he were to come

that sometimes what I said surprised the good Methodist. We

I should not have been surprised. The Welsh have much

presence upon his scholars, he advised me to go home; which

said he; “if so, I advise thee to surrender thyself to

different persuasions. Hence he advised me to seek the advice

me, however, p. 488they all advised me to read the Scriptures

a perverse, inasmuch as you despise Welsh without understanding it.

frequent occurrence amongst children has tranquillised him; the mist which hung

said I; ‘I would not advise any one to speak ill

weeks ago, that I was exercising my ministry about forty miles

brother; it taught me to prize fair play. When I

going; I think I can advise you to just such a

on whose hoofs I could exercise my art, I made my

the reader need not be surprised if I speak occasionally in

creature whinnied, and appeared to sympathise with me. What a

even a dumb brute, to sympathise with me at such a

were. Oh, how I sympathised with Saul, the tall dark

like him; but I now sympathised with Saul, for my own

and drank ale, as you advised me; it cheered, strengthened, and

the dingle, in whom I recognised the man in black whom

me, before I go, to apologise for my intrusion.’

themselves,’ said I; ‘but I advise you, if you ever come

let old gouty George once patronise it, and I would consent

kind p. 594or other to eulogise us, provided our religion were

account, perhaps, they are so despised, even by those who benefit

I, ‘on which account I advise you to seek shelter from

slaves to Jamaica and Barbadoes, realising immense profit, besides the pleasure

in the family, my master advised me to leave, offering to

said that if he was scandalised at my behaviour in the

the church, I was more scandalised at all I saw going

did so merely because he despised the Whiggish principles of Lord

figure which I thought I recognised. I looked at it

do not know, but I recognised the face it showed me

books. The forty-four illustrations comprise many contemporary portraits, including Baron

and personal foibles are not bowdlerised; but the author’s taste is

The Romany Rye 1857

The version at Google Books is a 1914 reprint of the Sixth 'Definitive' Edition of 1900 (publisher's description), published by Johm Murray. Although it calls itself Volume 1 of 2, it has exactly the same number of chapters as the version at Project Gutenberg (PG), which is taken from an edition form J.M.Dent, published in 1907. So they are comparable.

Notes

• While the Dent 1907 edition mainly uses z spellings, the Murray 1914 reprint is a z-fee zone.



• There is one -ize verb with s spellings in the Dent edition - recognise / recognising



• According to Peter Harvey, his Kindle version based on the 1903 Methuen & Co. edition, seems to have -ize only (although of course, Amazon might have used an edition published in the U.S.) So editions published by different publishers at much the same date, might go either way.

Suffix -ize verbs - 29 instances of 19 verbs

As in PG	1907	1914
		-ize	-ise
agonized	(2)		1
agonizing	(1)		1
apologized	(4)		4
authorize	(1)		1
authorized	(1)		2
baptized	(1)		1
civilization	(2)		2
moralize	(2)		2
organization	(1)		1
organized	(1)		1
realize	(1)
realizing	(2)		1
recognised	(1)		3
recognising	(1)		1
recognize	(1)
recognized	(2)
revolutionize	(1)		1
scandalized	(1)		1
sympathize	(2)		3

French -ise verbs - 68 instances of 21 verbs

advise	(8)
advised	(6)
advises	(4)
advising	(4)
chastised	(1)
chastising	(1)
despise	(4)
despised	(6)
despises	(1)
devise	(1)
devised	(2)
devising	(1)
disguised	(1)
disguising	(1)
enterprise	(1)
exercise	(2)
patronizers	(1)
surprise	(2)
surprised	(14)
surprises	(1)
surprising	(6)

Showing all instances of -ize and -ise as shown in Project Gutenberg

at first with the utmost surprise, not unmixed, I could observe,

offended,” he added, “I shall prize it all the more for

are forgotten. I am surprised that they have not been

with a look of some surprise.

of the latter have occasionally surprised us—for example, Bunyan. The

have myself admission, as a surprising young gentleman of infinite learning,

the man in black: “I advise you to leave the dingle

I will forward it, and advise you to do the same.

for this; you have frequently surprised me by your knowledge of

to confusion, because God hath despised them,’” said Belle; “I have

in her hand, whom I recognised as Mrs. Chikno, sat near

the truth, I am altogether surprised at the illiberality of my

and, with a significant nod, advised me to take care how

extempore; his doing so rather surprised and offended me at first;

I thought to myself how scandalized the people of D--- would

who were poor outcasts, and despised by everybody. My friends,”

in exchange; who are outcast, despised, and miserable?’ Now was

never get another.” What surprises me is, that he ever

“Why, ’t is advised by gypsy liri, brother.

still very beautiful, but I advise you to accept the first

change the subject; it is surprising to me that, after all

them were vain, they merely prized their beauty because it gave

growled and barked; but presently recognising me, they were again silent,

serpent-killer, to wrestle with her, disguising him in his own armour.

leaving my tent, I was surprised to observe Belle, entirely dressed,

as I was walking about, apologized for his behaviour on the

overtook her, she would only despise me for running after her;”

or not, I should heartily despise myself. So I determined

longer agitated by apprehension, nor agonized by expectation, I was soon

say you are a bit surprised with regard to the change

avoid laying out money.” Surprised at his saying that I

me to execute some grand enterprise or other. My present

species, did not appear to sympathize at all with its rider

book into my hand, and advised me to take it every

found myself nodding, and a surprising desire to sleep coming over

a postillion, whom I instantly recognized as he to whom I

safe; and, moreover, shouldn’t have despised myself. To curry favour

which means you will give exercise to yourself and horse, and,

whom were great friends and patronizers of the landlord, and were

The other, without manifesting much surprise, said, “I thank you; and

for a moment motionless with surprise; but, recollecting himself, he pointed

like to see their brother chastised in such tremendous fashion.

and said, “If you are surprised to see me, I am

resolution, at the same time advising him not to give up

may carry the blessings of civilization and religion to barbarous, yet

in one of whom I recognized the man in black, and

me that he seemed to recognize me for the first time,

allowing the gang the free exercise of their calling. Anybody

man, seriously, “then I can sympathize with you in your anxiety

cheer; I should not be surprised if you are yet in

back, as the surgeon had advised me, when I heard steps

words were kind. What surprised me most in connection with

slits or cuts, used for chastising disorderly urchins at the High

the neighbourhood, I felt no surprise, and forthwith departed in company

I was filled with surprise and consternation. I knew

short preamble, in which he apologized to the bench for interfering,

hoped in her company to realize the choicest earthly happiness, a

of practising resignation, and of realizing the benefit of being afflicted.

the necessity of rousing myself, advising me to occupy my mind

they meant. ‘I strongly advise you,’ said he, ‘to attempt

and also to take moderate exercise, and to see after your

of the day took moderate exercise, and attended to little domestic

learned that the surgeon, in advising me to study the marks,

I paid, the other pieces realizing very little. I did

in. I need not advise you not to be taken

which I could not well exercise him in the street, on

your terms. I would advise you to be cautious how

a fair son, who was baptized by the name of John.

to be instructed in knightly exercises, and made him a present

Bashaw Isack; and though himself surprised and routed at St. Imre,

It was he who organized the Hussar force, and it

for them. A gallant enterprise that siege of Vienna, the

exhibiting the slightest mark of surprise. William smiled, and slightly

Rogue,’ a book which, however despised, was written by a remarkable

fairs in all kinds of disguises; my father was a first-rate

a first-rate hand at a disguise, and could appear of all

in Yorkshire, where my father, disguised as a Quaker, attempted to

person to destruction. I advised him to try and make

him to let it be, advising him to go and steal

the trap, I contrived to prize them open, and get old

that many a dentist will moralize on the decays which human

when one was about to moralize, do you see, oneself, and

brisk and lively in a surprising degree.”

I apologized to Murtagh for interrupting him,

they had raised for their enterprise. Murtagh was deemed the

and the leaders, though somewhat surprised, assenting, he went to a

his bodily frame by robust exercises, his successive struggles, after his

warm affections, who, after an agonizing separation, are restored to each

God, which is kindness in disguise, become snakes and scorpions to

contained a balm for the agonized mind of poor Peter Williams.

fond of healthy and invigorating exercises, and felt a willingness to

but Buddhism under a slight disguise, and the European world in

the cause of religion and civilization with the colours of that

everything English; he does not advise his country people never to

his countrymen—a telling fact—affect to despise, and, of course, the Anglo-Germanists:

of wretches who, since their organization, have introduced crimes and language

and which are his own devising; which shares he sells as

a being to be shunned, despised, or hooted. Genteel!

upon are valuable, so he prizes much which the world condemns;

admires are contemptible, so he despises much which the world does

not; but when the world prizes what is really excellent, he

then will say that he prizes a thing or a person

which he had, are not advised to follow his example.

had had sufficient funds to authorize him in wearing them.

individuals of certain classes can prize a gentleman, notwithstanding seedy raiment,

against the victim, scouted him, apologized for the—what should they be

gentility-nonsense; no person can possibly despise it more thoroughly than that

whether they most hated or despised him. Religion he had

one or other of the enterprises of those periods; and the

and openness; and the author advises all those whose consciences never

In conclusion, the writer would advise those of his country-folks who

but let them take wholesome exercise, and eat the most generous

that he by no means advises women to be too womanly,

Now the writer strongly advises any woman who is struck

clench her fists, and he advises all women in these singular

it was an autobiography; never authorized any person to say that

he could not read, and devised an ingenious plan for teaching

neither read nor write, and devised an ingenious plan for teaching

number of ragged individuals are surprised in a stable in Cato

for revolutions and attempts to revolutionize, exclaiming now and then, as

hatred is by no means surprising. There is certainly a

to cause him the slightest surprise, for he had discovered a

Who, swollen with selfish vanity, devise False freedoms,

applied for ages ceases to surprise, for genteel is heathenish.

Wild Wales 1862

While the earlier Murray editions mainly had z endings (except for recognise), his 1907 edition, used by Project Gutenverg, had moved to mainly s, but this wasn't consistent - about 35 s to 12 z.

Suffix -ize verbs - 47 instances of 31 verbs

Project Gutenberg (1907 John Murray)		John Murray
		1862		1872
		-ize	-ise	-ize	-ise
agonizing	(1)			1
apologise	(2)			2
apologised	(2)	1		2
apologising	(1)			1
authorised	(2)	1		2
baptised	(1)
baptized	(1)	1		2
botanize	(1)			1
botanizing	(1)	1		1
canonization	(1)
civilised	(1)
colonised	(1)
colonisers	(1)
immortalized	(1)			1
modernized	(1)			1
moralise	(1)			1
patronise	(2)			2
patronised	(2)
patronising	(1)			1
patronize	(1)			3
patronized	(1)			3
poetizing	(1)			1
realised	(1)				1
recognise	(2)			3
recognised	(9)	2		6	1
recognises	(1)				1
recognising	(1)			1
satirizing	(1)			1
scandalized	(2)			2
sympathise	(1)			1
tyrannise	(2)

French -ise verbs - 53 instances of 16 verbs

advise	(8)
advised	(7)
adviser	(1)
chastise	(1)
comprises	(1)
comprising	(2)
compromising	(1)
despise	(2)
despised	(1)
disguise	(1)
enterprising	(2)
exercised	(1)
surprise	(4)
surprised	(12)
surprising	(8)
undisguised	(1)

Showing all instances of -ize and -ise as shown in Project Gutenberg

a being as daring and enterprising as the Welshman, but a

of the river. I apologised, and contrived to enter into

looked at me with some surprise. “No,” said he, after

the Wyddfa I must have recognised it, having been at its

a high bank, whom I recognised as the mower with whom

You need not be surprised, sir; there are plenty of

to it was very extensive, comprising, amongst other districts, the vale

Berwyn, for the purpose of botanizing, in which we were attended

was a good gwesty, and advised me to go and refresh

Geraint or Barber’s Hill, to botanize. Here we found a

that I too had been baptized, he asked me if I

and found to my great surprise that he had a considerable

Rather surprised that a person of his

sir;” said the man evidently surprised that a person of my

of the female ones of surprising sweetness. At the conclusion

that no one will be surprised when I say that I

justice supported by the State, authorised and empowered to carry the

it.’ Therefore I would advise you to brace up your

the southern side, and which comprises the church and the little

is the reception of this despised race of the wandering stranger

At Maidan at Constantinople with surprising exactness.

the dyffryn, I at once recognised in it that of a

“Then I would advise you to lose no time,”

if you think proper to patronise my house, the --- Arms,

“I will most certainly patronise your house,” said I to

by so doing I was patronising the poet, and lo, I

his house, and when he advised me to call for a

had promised the poet to patronize his house, and had by

Decidedly not! I had patronised a house which I believed

be the poet’s; if I patronised the wrong one, the fault

Wales. It is really surprising that the men of Llydaw

“I despise railroads,” said I, “and those

Caernarvon and Beth Gelert, strongly advised me to return to Bangor

the mountainous region of Eryri, comprising some of the most romantic

such a creature; and am surprised that any people in these

general. I am rather surprised that a dog in the

with his usual look of undisguised admiration, about the absolute necessity

telling her to Festiniog, she advised me to go by a

to circumstances. I strongly advise you, Mr, to put that

should know—and their very children sympathise with them. All conquered

On his entrance I recognised in him the magistrate’s clerk,

this news does not regularly surprise me! I can easily

are not likely to be realised. Oes y byd i’r

and in this posture sleep surprised me. Amongst the proverbial

attempted to slaughter. I recognised him by a patch which

me, and I thought I recognised the elder of the two

a rage or madness for poetizing, that I would make a

his sister, and determined to chastise me. One Sunday evening

fool for his pains, and advised him to go and load

he went on dallying and compromising with the lawyer, till he

interlude as a means of satirizing the vices of the popish

it is not meet to despise a poor man, who conducts

then appears the Fool to moralise and dismiss the audience.

lost your way?” I recognised it as that of the

on my left, which I recognised as the lake of Bala.

He passed without appearing to recognise me, and I, thinking it

tread. He looked rather surprised at seeing the doctor and

cross was emblematic of His surprising love and His willingness to

next halt, and had been advised by him to stop at

I were not he would advise me to go on, as

in Welsh to his professional adviser. Not wishing to hear

“Well, I suppose you would advise me to go by the

down before a turf fire, apologising for its smoking very much.

The kind young book-keeper now advised us to set out without

agility of the young girls surprised me; they sprang over the

half, they darted away with surprising swiftness down a hill towards

said the landlord, with a surprised and dissatisfied air, “that you

“Ah,” said I, recognising the old mining captain with

ecclesiastical law, however, did not recognise these poetical marriages, and the

There was, however, nothing surprising in this; he was a

slightest hurry: I would not advise a road-walker, even if he

woman, who, to my great surprise, could not speak a word

of various powerful individuals who patronized him, he travelled through Ireland,

“I suppose you are surprised to see me here; I

sixteenth century. He was baptised by the name of Thomas

cleverness and adroitness which he exercised in his calling; qualities in

she might know he was authorised to receive the money.

his death the crown of canonization having been awarded to Dewi,

the Cumry the arts of civilised life, to build comfortable houses,

“Well, then, I would just advise your honour to do no

out, the Duke of York apologised to Griffith, and besought his

the interior has been sadly modernized. It contains no remarkable

worst of his parishioners were scandalized, and said: “Bad as we

Rather surprised at the name, which signifies

“How do the English tyrannise over Ireland?”

“How do they tyrannise over her? Don’t they

of Wales which the Flemings colonised in any considerable numbers.

to Cardiff. It is surprising how similar many of the

but also by genius and enterprising spirit, and by such a

Taf, who should wish to apologise for the rather smutty appearance

so that the people were scandalized, and would take me by

that, honey; and I would advise people to avoid it even

great a torment as an agonizing recollection, a cold shrill laugh

always at war, have been immortalized by the great war-bard, Dafydd

Gael, who were the first colonisers of the Peninsula, and whose

and at last thought I recognised the features of the uncouth

a prince. It is surprising how similar in meaning the

or if one thinks one recognises it, it is under such

it is under such a disguise that one is rather timorous

defrauded by any attempt to apologise for the actions of the

Links

At Project Gutenberg

• The Zincali - edition unknown


• The Bible in Spain - transcribed from 1908 Cassel and Company edition


• Lavengro - transcribed from edition by T.N.Foulis, Edinburgh 1914


• Lavengro - transcribed from 1900 Macmillan edition


• The Romany Rye - transcribed from the 1907 J. M. Dent Edition


• Wild Wales - transcribed for 1907 Murray edition

At Wikipedia

• George Borrow


• The Zincali 1841


• The Bible in Spain 1843


• Lavengro 1851


• Romany Rye 1857


• Wild Wales 1862



• John Murray (publisher)

Other

• The Life of George Borrow by Herbert Jenkins (John Murray) 1912 - Read online or download PDFs


• George Borrow Studies


• The George Borrow Society


• The George Borrow Trust

At Google Books

• The Zincali 1843 Philadelphia


• The Zincali 1846 London


• The Bible in Spain Vol 1 London 1843


• The Bible in Spain Vol 2 1843 London


• The Bible in Spain Vol 3 1843 London



• Lavengro 1851 Vol 1/3 London


• Lavengro 1851 New York


• The Romany Rye London 1857 Vol 1/2 Murray


• The Romany Rye London 1914 Vol 1/2 Murray


• Wild Wales Vol 1/3 London 1862


• Wild Wales complete London 1872 (Murray)


• Tales of the Wild and Wonderful London 1867 Milner and Sowerby


• Romantic Ballads London 1826 (John Taylor)

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